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Monthly Archives: August 2008
The Carbonyl, >C=O
One of the most important functional groups is the Carbonyl group. A couple of points about the carbonyl group: It is Planar (flat). Bond angles are 120 degrees. The Carbon = Oxygen double bond is the result of overlapping Pi … Continue reading
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Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions – Sn1 & Sn2 Stereochemistry
- Nuclephilic Substitution Reactions The viability of nucleophilic substitution over a single bond is determined by the bond polarity. A nucleophile (Nu-) will attack the δ+ atom in a polar bond and replace the existing δ- atom. A good example … Continue reading
Posted in Chemistry
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Hybridisation – Mixing Up Orbitals with sp, sp2, sp3
Essentially, hybridisation is the mixing of standard atomic orbitals to form new orbitals – which can be used to describe bonding in molecules. Most importantly we have sp3, sp2 and sp hybridisation. sp3 Hybridisation in Methane (CH4): The best way … Continue reading
Posted in Chemistry
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Drawing Chemical Formulae on your PC
You will undoubtedly need to draw an equation out on your computer at some point, and there are several ways to do this. Load up Paint and spend hours perfecting a drawing. Use an Office suite and spend equally long … Continue reading
Posted in IT
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Close Packing of Atoms & Metallic Elements
Close packing of atoms is simply close packing of spheres. There is only one way to efficiently arrange circles in 2D…and we can visualise the stacking with 2D drawings… …each sphere (seen from above) is surrounded by 6 other spheres. … Continue reading
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Crystal Structure Studies
Crystalline solids are composed of regular repeating patterns over relatively long distances ( >1000 Å). This is known as having a long range order. ONLY crystalline solids produce macroscopic crystals (visible crystals). Crystals have flat faces which can vary in … Continue reading
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Some Basic Trigonometry
It seems that doing maths for as long as I can remember didn’t make it stick in my mind so I’m having a little refresh as I go. I’m starting with some basic trig. – Pythagorus’ Theorum – Find the … Continue reading
Protein Purification
- Protein Identification Protein purification begins with the need to identify the protein we want to purify! There are several methods that can be used to rapidly identify the protein: Enzyme Assay (by catalytic activity) – with certain enzymes we … Continue reading